Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions

Many chemical reactions release energy in the form of heat, light, or sound. These are exothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions may occur ...

Endothermic Chemical Reaction

Most endothermic reactions contain toxic chemicals, but this reaction is safe and easy. Use it as a demonstration or vary the amounts of cit...

Heat of Formation Worked Example Problem

1. Heat of Formation Problem Calculate ΔH for the following reaction: 8 Al(s) + 3 Fe 3 O 4 (s) --> 4 Al 2 O 3 (s) + 9 Fe(s) Heat of ...

Enthalpy Change Example Problem

Problem Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the following thermochemical reaction: H 2 O 2 (l) → H 2 O(l) + 1/2 O 2 (g); ΔH = -98.2 kJ...

Bond Energies and Enthalpy Change Example Chemistry Problem

Problem Estimate the change in enthalpy, ΔH, for the following reaction: H 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) → 2 HCl (g) Solution To work this problem...

Standard State Conditions - Standard Temperature and Pressure

Values of thermodynamic quantities are commonly expressed for standard state conditions, so it is a good idea to understand what the standar...

Laws of Thermochemistry

Thermochemical equations are just like other balanced equations except they also specify the heat flow for the reaction. The heat flow is l...

Polynucleotides

Biopolymers IV Polynucleotides Introduction Polynucleotides, which are more often called nucleic acids, are polymeric glycosylamines ...

Polypeptides

Biopolymers III Polypeptides Introduction One of the most common reactions of carboxylic acids and related compounds is nucleophili...

Polysaccharides

Biopolymers II Polysaccharides Introduction By far the most important polysaccharides are polymers of D-glucos...

Condensation Polymers

Polymers and Plastics II Introduction One of the characteristic reactions of carboxylic acids is esterification , a process that involve...

Biopolymers I

Biopolymers I Introduction Many of the most important and most interesting naturally occuring molecules are polymeric....